Функция 的, определительные и именные придаточные
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A basic rule to remember about the use of 的 (de) is that a 的 phrase, in most cases, is used attributively. This means that it appears before a noun or a noun phrase, even thought the noun or the noun phrase sometimes is omitted from the sentence.
Possessive 的
的 can be used to indicate possession.
- 王先生的新房子很大。
- Wáng xiānsheng de xīn fángzi hěn dà.
- Mr. Wangs new house is big.
- 我的车坏了。
- Wǒde chē huài le.
- My car has broken down.
- 这是谁的书?
- Zhè shì shéi de shū?
- Whose book is this.
(a) When possessive 的 can be omitted
After a personal pronoun (你, 我, 他/她 etc.), 的 is frequently omitted, especially in casual speech, when what follows is a family member. This rule can also apply to nouns such as 家 (jiā) and 女朋友 (nǚ pèngyou)/ 男朋友 (nán péngyou).
- 我家有三个卧室;我爸妈的卧室最大,我弟弟的最小。
- Wǒ jiā yǒu sān ge wòshì; wǒ bàmā de wòshì zuì dà, wǒ dìdi de zuì xiǎo.
- My house has three bedrooms; my parents’ room is the biggest, my younger brother’s is the smallest.
- 我女朋友的哥哥是我妹妹的男朋友。
- Wǒ nǚ péngyou de gēge shì wǒ mèimei de nán péngyou.
- My girlfriend’s older brother is my younger sister’s boyfriend.
(b) English vs. Chinese word order
In English, the word ‘of’ is sometimes used in a sentence whose Chinese counterpart uses 的. It is important to note the difference in word order between English and Chinese in such sentences.
- The colour of this skirt is ugly.
- 这条裙子的颜色不好看。Zhè tiáo qúnzi de yánsè bù hǎokàn.
- The author of this book is a good friend of mine.
- 这本书的作者是我的好朋友。Zhè běn shū de zuòzhě shì wǒde hǎo péngyou.
- The boyfriend of my younger sister is a university student.
- 我妹妹的男朋友是大学生。Wǒ mèimei de nán péngyou shì dàxuéshēng.
- The younger sister of my boyfriend is a university student.
- 我男朋友的妹妹是大学生。Wǒ nán péngyou de mèimei shì dàxuéshēng.
(c) Location phrases with possessive 的
In English, the phrase ‘in/at/on + location’ should sometimes be thought as a 的 phrase in Chinese when such a phrase is used to modify a noun or a noun phrase. To translate such an English phrase into a prepositional phrase with 在 (zài) is a common mistake made by learners of Chinese whose native language is English.
- Students at Beijing University are all good students.
- 北京大学的学生都是很好的学生。Běijīng Dàxué de xuèsheng dōu shì hěn hǎo de xuésheng.
- (Incorrect:
学生在北京大学都是很好的学生。)
- Wow! The scenery here is really beautiful!
- 哇!这里的风景真美啊! Wà! Zhèli de fēngjǐng zhēn měi a!
- (Incorrect:
哇!风景在这里真美啊!)
(d) Omission of a noun after 的
When the context is clear, the noun after a possessive 的 can be, as frequently is, omitted.
- 王:这本书是谁的?
- Wáng: Zhè běn shū shì shéi de?
- Wang: Whose book is this? (=To whom does this book belong?)
- 李:不是我的;可能是张文的。
- Lǐ: Bú shì wǒde; kěnéng shì Zhāng Wén de.
- Li: It’s not mine; it’s probably Zhang Wen’s.
