11 типов вопросов в китайском языке
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Эта статья нуждается в переводе на русский язык. |
| Эта страница — часть проекта Грамматика китайского языка |
| На Лингвофоруме есть обсуждение по этой теме |
Вопросы могут быть преобразованы из утверждений без изменения порядка слов. В основном, вопрос может быть образован (1) с помощью добавления модальной частицы в конце утвердения или (2) заменой части, которая является ответом на вопрос, на вопросительное местоимение. Согласно этим двум правилам, а так же еще одному типу вопроса, который называется "альтернативный вопрос", с использованием 还是, в китайском может быть образовано одиннадцать типов вопросов.
| Тип вопроса | Пример |
|---|---|
| 1.Вопросы с вопросительной частицей 马 | 马你是中国人吗? Nǐ shì Zhōngguó rén ma? Ты китаец? |
| 2.Вопросы с вопросительной частицей 呢 | 1.我是中国人,你呢? Wǒ shì Zhōngguó rén, nǐ ne? Я китаец, а ты? 2.我的书呢? Wǒ de shū ne? Где моя книга? (Что случилось с моей книгой?) |
| 3.Вопросы с вопросительной частицей 吧 | 你也是中国人吧? Nǐ yě shì Zhōngguó rén ba? Ты должно быть тоже китаец? |
| 4.Вопросы с вопросительной частицей 了 | 你们都姓李,那你们是姐妹了? Nǐmen dōu xìng Lǐ, nà nǐmen shì jiěmèi le?У вас обеих фамилия Ли, вы сестры? |
| 5.Утвердительно-отрицательные вопросы | 你是不是中国人? Nǐ shì bú shì Zhōngguó rén? Ты китаец (или нет)? |
| 6.Утвердительно-отрицательные вопросы: глагол (или глагольный оборот)+(了)+没有 | 你吃饭了没有? Nǐ chī fàn le méiyǒu? Ты ел? |
| 7.Альтернативные вопросы (с использованием 还是) | 你想喝茶还是喝咖啡? Nǐ xiǎng hē chá háishì hē kāfēi? Ты хочешь выпить чай или кофе? |
| 8.Разделительные вопросы | 你是中国人,对不对? Nǐ shì Zhōngguó rén, duì bú duì? Ты китаец, да? |
| 9.Вопросы с вопросительным местоимением | 你叫什么名字? Nǐ jiào shénme míngzi?Как тебя зовут? |
| 10.Риторический вопросы | 我这么忙,怎么有时间出去玩? Wǒ zhème máng, zěnme yǒu shíjiān chū qù wán? Я так занят, откуда у меня может быть время пойти развлечься? |
| 11.Немаркированные вопросы | 你才写了五分钟,就写完了? Nǐ cái xiě le wǔ fēnzhōng, jiù xiě wán le? Ты писа́л только пять минут и уже закончил? |
Вопросы с вопросительной частицей 吗
Without a specific context, this type of question is used to elicit a yes-or-no answer. (See Модальные частицы for more information.)
- 张:你是老师吗?
- Zhāng: Nǐ shì lǎoshī ma?
- Zhang: Are you a teacher?
- 王:我不是老师,我是学生。
- Wáng: Wǒ bú shì lǎoshī, wǒ shì xuésheng.
- Wang: I am not a teacher, I am a student.
- 老师:你们有问题吗?
- Lǎoshī: Nǐmen yǒu wèntí ma?
- Teacher: Do you (pl.) have questions?
- 丁:我有。
- Dīng: Wǒ yǒu.
- Ding: I do.
- 李:我没有。
- Lǐ: Wǒ méi yǒu.
- Li: I don’t.
Утвердительные вопросы
Frequently 吗 is used (instead of affirmative-negative questions) when the person asking the question expects the answer to be ‘yes’.
- Situation: Seeing a friend getting out of a new car, you ask him if he has just bought a new car.
- 你买新车了吗?(An affirmative-negative question (你买新车了没有?) would not be proper in this context since there is a strong indication that he did.)
- Nǐ mǎi xīn chē le ma?
- Did you buy a new car? (You bought a new car?)
Отрицательные вопросы
When the person asking the question expects the answer to be ‘no’, 吗 is used at the end of a negative statement to make it a negative question. (See Модальные частицы for more information.)
- Situation: Seeing Wang refusing to eat spinach, Li has the impression that Wang does not like spinach.
- 李:你不喜欢吃菠菜吗?
- Lǐ: Nǐ bù xǐhuan chī bōcài ma?
- Li: You don’t like spinach?
- 王: (对),(我)不喜欢。
- Wang: (Duì), (wǒ) bù xǐhuan.
- Wang: (That’s right.) I don’t like it.
Вопросы с вопросительной частицей 呢
呢 does not only appear in questions. When it does appear in questions, it usually follows an elliptical sentence with the part that is understood being omitted. Therefore, it is only used in context.
Задать тот же самый вопрос без его повторения
- 王:你在哪里工作?
- Wáng: Nǐ zài nǎlǐ gōngzuò?
- Wang: Where do you work?
- 李:在中国银行。你呢?(=你在哪里工作?)
- Lǐ: Zài Zhōngguó Yínháng. Nǐ ne?
- Li: At the Bank of China. How about you? (Meaning: Where do you work?)
Пропуск сказуемого
The predicate can be omitted from a question if it is understood.
- 八的一半是四,六的一半是呢?(六的一半是多少?)
- Bā de yí bàn shì sì, liù de yí bàn ne? (=Liù de yí bàn shì duōshao?)
- Half of eight is four; what about half of six? (Meaning: What is half of six?)
- 老师:这个问题,李明张力都会回答。王安,你呢?(=你会不会回答?)
- Lǎoshī: Zhè ge wèntí, Lǐ Míng, Zhāng Lì dōu huì huídá. Wáng Ān, nǐ ne? (=Nǐ huì bú huì huídá?)
- Teahcer: Both Li Ming and Zhang Li can answer this question. Wang An, how about you? (Meaning: Wang An, can you answer it?)
Спросить "где находится?", "что случилось?"
When one does not see who or what one is expecting to see, 呢 is used to ask ‘what happened to ?’ or ‘where did go?’.
Is should be noted that sometimes this question is translated as ‘where is ?’. However, it is different from ……在哪里?, which is a question about ‘location’ of something, not its ‘whereabouts’.
- Situation: Mei Ying and her boyfriend are always seen together. But today you have bumped into her in the cinema and her boyfriend is not with her.
- 梅英,你一个人来看电影吗?你男朋友呢?
- Méi Yīng, nǐ yí gè rén lái kàn diànyǐng ma? Nǐ nán péngyou ne?
- Mei Ying, you came to see the movie by yourself? Where is your boyfriend? (=What happened to him?)
- Situation: You are back in a town you left years ago. You are standing in front of the shop which used to be your favourite coffee shop, but now it’s something else.
- 咦,咖啡馆呢?(咦 is an interjection, indicating curiosity or puzzlement.)
- Yí, kāfēiguǎn ne?
- Hey, where is the coffee shop? (What happened to the coffee shop? Where did the coffee shop go?)
To ask the physical location of someone or something, use 在哪里?
- Situation: You are new in town and you ask someone where the post office is.
- 请问,邮局在哪里?
- Qǐng wèn, yóujú zài nǎlǐ?
- Excuse me. Where is the post office?
Вопросы с вопросительной частицей 吧
A question with 吧 indicates that the speaker is almost certain of the situation, but not 100% sure. Frequently, adverbs such as 一定 (yídìng ‘definitely’) and 大概 (dàgài ‘probably’) can be used in such a question, but 吧 alone can serve the function of indicating near certainty.
吧! или 吧?
It is acceptable to use an exclamation mark instead of a question mark after 吧.
- 你工作了一整天,(一定)累了吧!
- Nǐ gōngzuò le yì zhěngtiān, (yídìng) lèi le ba!
- Your worked all the day; you must be tired, aren’t you?
- 这本书上写着你的名字,是你的吧?
- Zhè běn shū shàng xiě zhe nǐde míngzi, shì nǐde ba?
- This book has your name written in it. It must be yours, isn’t it?
吗 или 吧?
Although questions with 吗 and 吧 both indicate that the speaker has made an assumption of the situation and has an expectation as to what the answer will be, 吧 shows a stronger assumption or expectation than 吗.
- Situation: Someone has bought several French textbooks and two French dictionaries at a bookshop. The cashier could ask any of the following.
- 你是学法文的吧?
Nǐ shì xué Fǎwén de ba? (Near certainty.)
- You must be studying French, aren’t you?
- 你是学法文的吗?
- Nǐ shì xué Fǎwén de ma? (Expecting ‘yes’ to be answered.)
- Are you studying French?
- 你是不是学法文的?
- Nǐ shì bú shì xué Fǎwén de? (No assumption.)
- Are you (or are you not) studying French?
Вопросы с вопросительной частицей 了
了 in this type of question is sometimes represented by other characters with the similar pronunciations, such as 咯 (lo) or 啰 (lo). Such a question is used to make inferences about a situation; therefore, an optional 那/那么 (nà/nàme ‘in that case’) is frequently used. In this type of questions either a question mark or a full stop can be used. (See Модальные частицы for more information.)
- 李:那个女孩跟你很象,她是谁?
- Lǐ: Nà ge nǚhái gēn nǐ hěn xiàng, tā shì shéi?
- Li: That girl looks very much like you. Who is she?
- 王:我跟她同姓,可是她不是我姐姐。
- Wáng: Wǒ gēn tā tong xìng, kěshì tā bú shì wǒ jiějie.
- Wang: We have the same last name, but she is not my older sister.
- 李:那他是你妹妹了?
- Lǐ: Nà tā shì nǐ mèimei le?
- Li: Then (in that case) she must be your younger sister?
