11 типов вопросов в китайском языке
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Эта статья нуждается в переводе на русский язык. |
| Эта страница — часть проекта Грамматика китайского языка |
| На Лингвофоруме есть обсуждение по этой теме |
Questions can be converted from statements without a change of word order. Basically, a question can be formed by (i) adding a modal particle at the end of the statement or (ii) replacing the part that indicates the answer in the statement with an interrogative pronoun. Based on the these two rules, as well as another type of question termed the 'alternative question' using 还是 (háishì), eleven types of question can be formed in Chinese.
| Question type | Example |
|---|---|
| 1.Questions with the modal particle | 马你是中国人吗? Nǐ shì Zhōngguó rén ma? Are you Chinese? |
| 2.Questions with the modal particle 呢 | 1.我是中国人,你呢? Wǒ shì Zhōngguó rén, nǐ ne? I am Chinese. How about you? 2.我的书呢? Wǒ de shū ne? Where is (what happened to) my book? |
| 3.Questions with the modal particle 吧 | 你也是中国人吧? Nǐ yě shì Zhōngguó rén ba? You must also be Chinese, aren’t you? |
| 4.Questions with the modal particle 了 | 你们都姓李,那你们是姐妹了? Nǐmen dōu xìng Lǐ, nà nǐmen shì jiěmèi le?Both of you have the same last name, Li, then you must be sisters, aren’t you? |
| 5.Affirmative-negative questions | 你是不是中国人? Nǐ shì bú shì Zhōngguó rén? Are you (or are you not) Chinese? |
| 6.Affirmative-negative questions: verb (or a verb phrase)+(了)+没有 | 你吃饭了没有? Nǐ chī fàn le méiyǒu? Have you eaten (lunch/dinner)? |
| 7.Alternative question (using 还是) | 你想喝茶还是喝咖啡? Nǐ xiǎng hē chá háishì hē kāfēi? Do you want to drink tea or coffee? |
| 8.Tag question | 你是中国人,对不对? Nǐ shì Zhōngguó rén, duì bú duì? You are Chinese, right? |
| 9.Questions with interrogative pronouns | 你叫什么名字? Nǐ jiào shénme míngzi?What is your name? |
| 10.Rhetorical questions | 我这么忙,怎么有时间出去玩? Wǒ zhème máng, zěnme yǒu shíjiān chū qù wán? I am so busy, how do I have time to go out and have fun? |
| 11.Unmarked questions | 你才写了五分钟,就写完了? Nǐ cái xiě le wǔ fēnzhōng, jiù xiě wán le? You only spent five minutes writing it, and you are done? |
Questions with the modal particle 吗
Without a specific context, this type of question is used to elicit a yes-or-no answer. (See Модальные частицы for more information.)
- 张:你是老师吗?
- Zhāng: Nǐ shì lǎoshī ma?
- Zhang: Are you a teacher?
- 王:我不是老师,我是学生。
- Wáng: Wǒ bú shì lǎoshī, wǒ shì xuésheng.
- Wang: I am not a teacher, I am a student.
- 老师:你们有问题吗?
- Lǎoshī: Nǐmen yǒu wèntí ma?
- Teacher: Do you (pl.) have questions?
- 丁:我有。
- Dīng: Wǒ yǒu.
- Ding: I do.
- 李:我没有。
- Lǐ: Wǒ méi yǒu.
- Li: I don’t.
(a) Positive questions
Frequently 吗 is used (instead of affirmative-negative questions) when the person asking the question expects the answer to be ‘yes’.
- Situation: Seeing a friend getting out of a new car, you ask him if he has just bought a new car.
- 你买新车了吗?(An affirmative-negative question (你买新车了没有?) would not be proper in this context since there is a strong indication that he did.)
- Nǐ mǎi xīn chē le ma?
- Did you buy a new car? (You bought a new car?)
(b) Negative questions
When the person asking the question expects the answer to be ‘no’, 吗 is used at the end of a negative statement to make it a negative question.
- Situation: Seeing Wang refusing to eat spinach, Li has the impression that Wang does not like spinach.)
- 李:你不喜欢吃菠菜吗?
- Lǐ: Nǐ bù xǐhuan chī bōcài ma?
- Li: You don’t like spinach?
- 王: (对),(我)不喜欢。
- Wang: (Duì), (wǒ) bù xǐhuan.
- Wang: (That’s right.) I don’t like it.
