Грамматика ложбана/4.7

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7. fu'ivla

Не всегда удобно использовать tanru или lujvo для выражения очень конкретных или узкоспециальных терминов, например, “brie”, “кобра”, “кварк”, “интеграл”, или “ямбический пентаметр”. Такие слова, фактически, являются названиями понятий, причём эти названия были придуманы носителями других языков. Огромное большинство слов, обозначающих виды растений, породы животных, кулинарные и научные термины − с большим трудом могут быть выражены с помощью tanru. Поэтому, такие слова нужно заимствовать (на самом деле – копировать) в Ложбан из других языков.

Существуют четыре степени заимствования слов в Ложбан, и чем выше эта степень, тем более заимствованное слово отличается от своего первоначального (но при этом становится короче и удобнее в применении). Степень 1 предусматривает применение заимствуемого слова вместе с cmavo “la'o” (которое подробно объясняется в Главе 19):

7.1) me la'o ly. spaghetti .ly.

является предикатом со значением “x1 является количеством спагетти”.

Степень 2 предусматривает «ложбанизацию» иноязычного названия, как это объяснено в Разделе 8:

7.2) me la spagetis.

Этих двух способов обычно бывает вполне достаточно, чтобы в разговоре создавать новые слова «на ходу». Если собеседник понимает такие заимствования, то эти способы могут здорово помочь тем, кто ещё не вполне овладел словарём Ложбана.

Where a little more universality is desired, the word to be borrowed must be Lojbanized into one of several permitted forms. A rafsi is then usually attached to the beginning of the Lojbanized form, using a hyphen to ensure that the resulting word doesn’t fall apart.

The rafsi categorizes or limits the meaning of the fu'ivla; otherwise a word having several different jargon meanings in other languages would require the word-inventor to choose which meaning should be assigned to the fu'ivla, since fu'ivla (like other brivla) are not permitted to have more than one definition. Such a Stage 3 borrowing is the most common kind of fu'ivla.

Finally, Stage 4 fu'ivla do not have any rafsi classifier, and are used where a fu'ivla has become so common or so important that it must be made as short as possible. (See Section 16 for a proposal concerning Stage 4 fu'ivla.)

The form of a fu'ivla reliably distinguishes it from both the gismu and the cmavo. Like cultural gismu, fu'ivla are generally based on a word from a single non-Lojban language. The word is “borrowed” (actually “copied”, hence the Lojban tanru “fukpi valsi”) from the other language and Lojbanized — the phonemes are converted to their closest Lojban equivalent and modifications are made as necessary to make the word a legitimate Lojban fu'ivla-form word. Все fu'ivla:

  1. должны содержать последовательность согласных в пределах пяти первых букв слова, при этом, если эта последовательность находится в начале слова, то она должна быть либо допустимой начальной парой согласных, либо более длинной последовательностью согласных, такой, что все смежные согласные в её составе создают допустимые начальные пары согласных. Например, fu'ivla “spraile” допустимо, а “ktraile” и “trkaile” – нет;
  2. должны оканчиваться на одну или несколько гласных;
  3. не должно являться ни gismu, ни lujvo, ни каким-либо сочетанием cmavo, gismu, и lujvo.

Более того, fu'ivla, начинающееся с cmavo вида CV, не должно быть синтаксически похожим на lujvo (так называемая проверка “slinku'i”, не описанная в настоящей книге);

  4. не могут содержать букву “y”, но могут содержать ложбанские согласные, произносимые, как слоги;
  5. как и все прочие brivla, имеют ударение на предпоследнем слоге.

Note that consonant triples or larger clusters that are not at the beginning of a fu'ivla can be quite flexible, as long as all consonant pairs are permissible. There is no need to restrict fu'ivla clusters to permissible initial pairs except at the beginning.

This is a fairly liberal definition and allows quite a lot of possibilities within “fu'ivla space”. Stage 3 fu'ivla can be made easily on the fly, as lujvo can, because the procedure for forming them always guarantees a word that cannot violate any of the rules. Stage 4 fu'ivla require running tests that are not simple to characterize or perform, and should be made only after deliberation and by someone knowledgeable about all the considerations that apply.

Here is a simple and reliable procedure for making a non-Lojban word into a valid Stage 3 fu'ivla:

  1. Eliminate all double consonants and silent letters.
  2. Convert all sounds to their closest Lojban equivalents. Lojban “y”, however, may not be used in any fu'ivla.
  3. If the last letter is not a vowel, modify the ending so that the word ends in a vowel, either by removing a final consonant or by adding a suggestively chosen final vowel.
  4. If the first letter is not a consonant, modify the beginning so that the word begins with a consonant, either by removing an initial vowel or adding a suggestively chosen initial consonant.
  5.

     Prefix the result of steps 1-5 with a 4-letter rafsi that categorizes the fu'ivla into a “topic area”. It is only safe to use a 4-letter rafsi; short rafsi sometimes produce invalid fu'ivla. Hyphenate the rafsi to the rest of the fu'ivla with an “r”-hyphen; if that would produce a double “r”, use an “n”-hyphen instead; if the rafsi ends in “r” and the rest of the fu'ivla begins with “n” (or vice versa), or if the rafsi ends in "r" and the rest of the fu'ivla begins with "tc", "ts", "dj", or "dz" (using "n" would result in a phonotactically impermissible cluster), use an “l”-hyphen. (This is the only use of “l”-hyphen in Lojban.)

     Alternatively, if a CVC-form short rafsi is available it can be used instead of the long rafsi.
  6. Remember that the stress necessarily appears on the penultimate (next-to-the-last) syllable.

In this section, the hyphen is set off with commas in the examples, but these commas are not required in writing, and the hyphen need not be pronounced as a separate syllable.

Here are a few examples:

7.3) spaghetti (from English or Italian)

      spageti (Lojbanize)
      cidj,r,spageti (prefix long rafsi)
      dja,r,spageti (prefix short rafsi)

where “cidj-” is the 4-letter rafsi for “cidja”, the Lojban gismu for “food”, thus categorizing “cidjrspageti” as a kind of food. The form with the short rafsi happens to work, but such good fortune cannot be relied on: in any event, it means the same thing.

7.4) Acer (the scientific name of maple trees)

      acer (Lojbanize)
      xaceru (add initial consonant and final vowel)
      tric,r,xaceru (prefix rafsi)
      ric,r,xaceru (prefix short rafsi)

where “tric-” and “ric-” are rafsi for “tricu”, the gismu for “tree”. Note that by the same principles, “maple sugar” could get the fu'ivla “saktrxaceru”, or could be represented by the tanru “tricrxaceru sakta”. Technically, “ricrxaceru” and “tricrxaceru” are distinct fu'ivla, but they would surely be given the same meanings if both happened to be in use.

7.5) brie (from French)

      bri (Lojbanize)
      cirl,r,bri (prefix rafsi)

where “cirl-” represents “cirla” (“cheese”).

7.6) cobra

      kobra (Lojbanize)
      sinc,r,kobra (prefix rafsi)

where “sinc-” represents “since” (“snake”).

7.7) quark

      kuark (Lojbanize)
      kuarka (add final vowel)
      sask,r,kuarka (prefix rafsi)

where “sask-” represents “saske” (“science”). Note the extra vowel “a” added to the end of the word, and the diphthong “ua”, which never appears in gismu or lujvo, but may appear in fu'ivla.

7.8) 자모 (from Korean)

      djamo (Lojbanize)
      lerf,r,djamo (prefix rafsi)
      ler,l,djamo (prefix rafsi)

where “ler-” represents “lerfu” (“letter”). Note the l-hyphen in "lerldjamo", since "lerndjamo" contains the forbidden cluster "ndj".

The use of the prefix helps distinguish among the many possible meanings of the borrowed word, depending on the field. As it happens, “spageti” and “kuarka” are valid Stage 4 fu'ivla, but “xaceru” looks like a compound cmavo, and “kobra” like a gismu.

For another example, “integral” has a specific meaning to a mathematician. But the Lojban fu'ivla “integrale”, which is a valid Stage 4 fu'ivla, does not convey that mathematical sense to a non-mathematical listener, even one with an English-speaking background; its source — the English word “integral” — has various other specialized meanings in other fields.

Left uncontrolled, “integrale” almost certainly would eventually come to mean the same collection of loosely related concepts that English associates with “integral”, with only the context to indicate (possibly) that the mathematical term is meant.

The prefix method would render the mathematical concept as “cmacrntegrale”, if the “i” of “integrale” is removed, or something like “cmacrnintegrale”, if a new consonant is added to the beginning; “cmac-” is the rafsi for “cmaci” (“mathematics”). The architectural sense of “integral” might be conveyed with “djinrnintegrale” or “tarmrnintegrale”, where “dinju” and “tarmi” mean “building” and “form” respectively.

Here are some fu'ivla representing cultures and related things, shown with more than one rafsi prefix:

7.9) bang,r,blgaria

      Bulgarian (in language)

7.10) kuln,r,blgaria

      Bulgarian (in culture)

7.11) gugd,r,blgaria

      Bulgaria (the country)

7.12) bang,r,kore,a

      Korean (the language)

7.13) kuln,r,kore,a

      Korean (the culture)

Note the commas in Examples 7.12 and 7.13, used because “ea” is not a valid diphthong in Lojban. Arguably, some form of the native name “Chosen” should have been used instead of the internationally known “Korea”; this is a recurring problem in all borrowings. In general, it is better to use the native name unless using it will severely impede understanding: “Navajo” is far more widely known than “Dine’e”.