Употребление 了 (перфектная и модальная частица)
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Эта статья нуждается в переводе на русский язык. |
| Эта страница — часть проекта Грамматика китайского языка |
| На Лингвофоруме есть обсуждение по этой теме |
В китайском языке нет времен; вместо этого есть аспекты, которые обозначают характер протекания действия. Основной темой первой части этой главы будет перфектный аспект, который обозначается перфектной частицей 了 (le), которая следует сразу за глаголом.
Так как 了 так же имеет функцию модальной частицы, которая встречается в конце предложения, использование 了 в качестве модальной частицы будет темой второй части этой главы.
Перфектная частица 了
The perfective aspect is used to indicate the completion of the action; it is however equivalent to the past tense in English. The completion of an action may have occurred in the past, but it may occur in the future as well. Also, a past event may or may not need a perfective aspect particle 了.
- Yesterday was my boyfriend’s birthday; so I treated him to a movie.
- 昨天是我男朋友的生日，所以我请他去看（了一场）电影。
- Zuó tiān shì wǒ nán péngyou de shēngrì, suǒyǐ wǒ qǐng tā qù kàn (le yì chǎng) diànyǐng.
- After you have arrived in China, you must write to me often. (Future event)
- 你到了中国（以后），一定要常常给我写信。
- Nǐ dào le Zhōngguó (yǐhòu), yídìng yào chángcháng gěi wǒ xiě xìn.
- After he arrived in China, he immediately found a job. (Past event)
- 他到了中国（以后），马上找了一份工作。
- Tā dào le Zhōngguó (yǐhòu), mǎshàng zhǎo le yí fèn gōngzuò.
Habitual past events
A past event which is habitual does not take the perfective particle 了.
- 我小时候每天早上都和一杯牛奶。
- Wǒ xiǎo de shíhou měi tiān zǎoshang dōu hē yì bēi niúnǎi.
- When I was very young, I drank a glass of milk every morning.
- 我在中国的时候，每星期都去看（一场）中国电影。
- Wǒ zài Zhōngguó de shíhou, měi xīngqī dōu qù kàn (yì chǎng) diànyǐng.
- When I was in China, I went to a Chinese movie every week.
Quantified past events
A quantified past event (i.e., the object of the verb includes either a number or 很多/不少) usually takes the perfective particle 了.
- 昨天我跟妈妈去外面吃饭。我们叫了一条鱼跟一只烤鸭。
- Zuótiān wǒ gēn māma qù wàimiàn chī fàn. Wǒmen jiào le yì tiào yú gēn yì zhī kǎoyā.
- Yesterday my mother and I went out to eat. We ordered a fish and a roast duck.
- 我在中国的时候，认识了不少中国朋友。
- Wǒ zài Zhōngguó de shíhou, rènshi le bù shǎo Zhōngguó péngyou.
- When I was studying in China, I made many Chinese friends.
Definite or specific past events
A definite of specific past event usually takes the perfective particle 了
(a) When the object of the verb has a modifier
- 老师接受了我们的建议，取消了今天的考试。
- Lǎoshī jiēshòu le wǒmen de jiànyì, qǔxiāo le jīntiān de kǎoshì.
- The teacher accepted our suggestion and cancelled today’s test.
- 张：你怎么知道今天会下雨？
- Zhāng: Nǐ zěnme zhīdao jīntiān hùi xiàyǔ?
- Zhang: Hou did you know it would rain today?
- 王：因为我昨晚看了天气预报。
- Wáng: Yīngwèi wǒ zuówǎn kàn le tiānqì yùbào.
- Wang: Because I watched the weather forecast yesterday evening.
(b) When the object of the verb is a proper noun or pronoun.
- 李：昨天我在路上遇见了老王。
- Lǐ: Zuótiān wǒ zài lù shàng yùjiàn le Lǎo Wáng.
- Li: I ran into Lao Wang on the street yesterday.
- 张：真巧！我今天也在路上遇见了他。
- Zhāng: Zhēn qiǎo! Wǒ jīntiān yě zài lù shàng yùjiàn le tā.
- Zhang: What a coincidence! I also ran into him on the street today.
(c) When the object of the verb is 什么/哪 or the answer to a question with 什么/哪
- 王：下午我去你家找你，你妈说你去超级市场买东西（了）。你买了什么？
- Wáng: Xiàwǔ wǒ qù nǐ jiā zhǎo nǐ, nǐ mā shuō nǐ qù chāojíshìchǎng mǎi dōngxi (le). Nǐ mǎi le shénme?
- Wang: In the afternoon I went to your house to see you; your mother said you had gone to the supermarket to buy some things. What did you buy?
- 李：我买了水果、面包跟牛奶。
- Lǐ: Wǒ mǎi le shuǐguǒ, miànbāo gēn niúnǎi.
- Li: I bought fruit, bread and milk.
Two verbs: One action after another
When a situation includes two actions, and the second action takes place immediately after the completion of the first, the aspect particle 了 is used to indicate the completion of the first action even if the object of the verb is not quantified or does not have a modifier. These two actions may or may not be past events.
(a) The use of 就
It should be noted that 就 or another adverb is frequently used to link the two actions. Without such adverb, the sentence may not sound correct.
- 我爸爸每天吃了饭就吃胃药。 (吃胃药 is a habitual event. 就 is necessary)
- Wǒ bàba měitiān chī le fàn jiù chī wèiyào.
- My father takes acid-reducing medicine right after dinner every day.
- 小王跟客人说了再见就把门关上了。(把门关上了 is a past event. 就 is necessary)
- Xiǎo Wáng gēn kèrén shuō le zàijiàn jiù bǎ mén guān shàng le.
- Xiao Wang closed the door right after saying goodbye to his guests.
- 明天咱们下了课一起去看场电影，怎么样？(看电影 is a future event.)
- Míngtiān zánmen xià le kè yì qǐ qù kàn chǎng diànyǐng, zěnmeyàng?
- How about if we go to a movie after the class tomorrow?
(b) Modal particle 了 instead of perfective aspect particle 了
In a simple sentence, the perfective aspect particle 了 is not used if the object of the verb is not quantified or does not have a modifier; instead, modal particle 了 is used at the end of the sentence.
- Mr. Wang bought a car. (This is a simple sentence.)
- 王先生买车了。(了 is a modal particle since it appears at the end of the sentence.)
- Wáng xiānsheng mǎi chē le.
- 王先生买了一辆车。(了 is the perfective aspect particle since it follows the verb.)
- Wáng xiānsheng mǎi le yí liàng chē.
An optional perfective aspect particle and a necessary modal particle can be used together in a simple sentence.
- 王先生买了车了。(=王先生买车了。)
- Wáng xiānsheng mǎi le chē le.
- (Incorrect:
王先生买了车。)
- Situation: Wang’s roommate Zhang asks Wang to join him for a late-night snack.
- 张：我要吃宵夜，你要不要吃一些？
- Zhāng: Wǒ yào chī xiāoyè, nǐ yào bú yào chī yì xiē?
- Zhang: I am going to eat a late-night snack. Would you like some?
- 王：谢谢，我不吃，我刷了牙了。
- Wáng: Xièxie, wǒ bù chī, wǒ shuā le yá le.
- Wang: No, thanks. I already brushed my teeth.
Two verbs: One indicating purpose
When a simple sentence has two verbs and the second verb indicates the purpose of the first verb, such as 来, 去 or 用, the perfective aspect particle 了 follows the second verb if it is a past event.
- 下午我去超级市场买了一些水果和面包。
- Xiàwǔ wǒ qù chāojíshìchǎng mǎi le yì xiē shuǐguǒ hé miànbāo.
- I went to the supermarket to buy some fruit and bread in the afternoon.
- (Incorrect:
下午我去了超级市场买一些水果和面包。)
- 我用手机给我妈妈发了一个短信，告诉她我不能回家吃饭。
- Wǒ yòng shǒujī gěi māma fā le yí ge duǎnxìn, gàosu tā wǒ bù néng huí jiā chī fàn.
- I used a mobile phone to send my mother a text message, telling her I would not be home for dinner.
- (Incorrect:
我用了手机给我妈妈发一个短信，告诉她我不能回家吃饭。)
