Грамматика ложбана/4.6
6. rafsi
Каждому gismu может соответствовать от двух до пяти rafsi различных форм, и каждое такое rafsi соответствует этому gismu, и только ему. Для создания lujvo можно использовать любые из допустимых rafsi, в соответствии с правилами создания lujvo, и стараясь обеспечить наибольшую понятность и благозвучность. Существует алгоритм выбора одной формы lujvo, из всех возможных и допустимых, в качестве стандартной формы для помещения в словарь (см. Раздел 12).
У любого gismu обязательно существуют хотя-бы два rafsi (так называемые “длинные rafsi”): это само gismu (может использоваться только в конце lujvo), и это-же gismu, но без конечной гласной (может использоваться только в начале или в середине lujvo). Такие rafsi могут иметь вид CVC/CV или CCVCV (“пятибуквенные rafsi”), и CVC/C или CCVC (“четырёхбуквенные rafsi”) соответственно. Дефисы, помещаемы в начале и/или в конце rafsi, указывают место, куда допустимо присоединять другое rafsi. Lujvo, созданные с использованием только четырёхбуквенных и пятибуквенных rafsi, называются “несокращённые lujvo”.
Вот несколько примеров несокращённых lujvo:
6.1) mamtypatfu
от “mamta patfu”
“мать отец” т.е. “дед по материнской линии”
6.2) lerfyliste
от “lerfu liste”
“буква список” т.е. “алфавит”
6.3) nancyprali
от “nanca prali”
“год прибыль” т.е. “годовая прибыль”
6.4) prunyplipe
from “pruni plipe”
“elastic (springy) leap” or “spring” (the verb)
6.5) vancysanmi
from “vanci sanmi”
“вечер пища” т.е. “ужин”
Вдобавок к этим двум rafsi, gismu может иметь до трёх дополнительных коротких rafsi, длиной по 3 буквы. Короткое rafsi может иметь вид CVC, CCV или CVV. Количество rafsi, присвоенных тому или иному gismu, зависит от предполагаемой полезности данного gismu для создания новых lujvo, по сравнению с другими gismu, которым также можно было-бы присвоить эти rafsi.
Например, gismu “zmadu” (“больше чем”) имеет два коротких rafsi “zma” и “mau” (вдобавок к несокращённым rafsi “zmad” и “zmadu”), потому, что на основе “zmadu” создаются очень многие lujvo, соответствующие прилагательным в сравнительной степени, например, “labmau” (“беле́е”). С другой стороны, gismu “bakri” (“мел”) редко используется для создания lujvo, поэтому ему не присвоено коротких rafsi.
Никакое gismu не может иметь более трёх коротких rafsi: одного rafsi вида CVC, одного rafsi вида CCV, и одного rafsi вида CVV. Но на самом деле, лишь очень немногие gismu имеют rafsi вида CCV совместно с rafsi вида CVV, и ещё меньше таких gismu, которым присвоены короткие rafsi сразу всех трёх видов. Однако существует немало gismu, имеющех rafsi вида CVC совместно с коротким rafsi другого вида, отчасти потому, что количество возможных rafsi вида CVC велико. Преимуществом rafsi вида CVC является то, что они сравнительно легко запоминаются, но их, однако, невозможно использовать в конце lujvo (потому, что lujvo должно оканчиваться на гласную), и это обстоятельство оправдывает присваивание gismu дополнительных коротких rafsi.
The intention was to use the available “rafsi space” — the set of all possible short rafsi forms — in the most efficient way possible; the goal is to make the most-used lujvo as short as possible (thus maximizing the use of short rafsi), while keeping the rafsi very recognizable to anyone who knows the source gismu. For this reason, the letters in a rafsi have always been chosen from among the five letters of the corresponding gismu. As a result, there are a limited set of short rafsi available for assignment to each gismu. At most seven possible short rafsi are available for consideration (of which at most three can be used, as explained above).
Here are the only short rafsi forms that can possibly exist for gismu of the form CVC/CV, like “sakli”. The digits in the second column represent the gismu letters used to form the rafsi.
CVC 123 -sak- CVC 124 -sal- CVV 12’5 -sa'i- CVV 125 -sai- CCV 345 -kli- CCV 132 -ska-
(The only actual short rafsi for “sakli” is “-sal-”.)
For gismu of the form CCVCV, like “blaci”, the only short rafsi forms that can exist are:
CVC 134 -bac- CVC 234 -lac CVV 13’5 -ba'i- CVV 135 -bai- CVV 23’5 -la'i- CVV 235 -lai- CCV 123 -bla-
(In fact, “blaci” has none of these short rafsi; they are all assigned to other gismu. Lojban speakers are not free to reassign any of the rafsi; the tables shown here are to help understand how the rafsi were chosen in the first place.)
There are a few restrictions: a CVV-form rafsi without an apostrophe cannot exist unless the vowels make up one of the four diphthongs “ai”, “ei”, “oi”, or “au”; and a CCV-form rafsi is possible only if the two consonants form a permissible initial consonant pair (see Section 1). Thus “mamta”, which has the same form as “salci”, can only have “mam”, “mat”, and “ma'a” as possible rafsi: in fact, only “mam” is assigned to it.
Some cmavo also have associated rafsi, usually CVC-form. For example, the ten common numerical digits, which are all CV form cmavo, each have a CVC-form rafsi formed by adding a consonant to the cmavo. Most cmavo that have rafsi are ones used in composing tanru (for a complete list, see Chapter 12).
The term for a lujvo made up solely of short rafsi is “fully reduced lujvo”. Here are some examples of fully reduced lujvo:
6.6) cumfri
from “cumki lifri”
“possible experience”
6.7) klezba
from “klesi zbasu”
“category make”
6.8) kixta'a
from “krixa tavla”
“cry-out talk”
6.9) sniju'o
from “sinxa djuno”
“sign know”
In addition, some of the unreduced forms in the previous example may be fully reduced to:
6.10) mampa'u
from “mamta patfu”
“mother father” or “maternal grandfather”
6.11) lerste
from “lerfu liste”
“letter list” or a “list of letters”
As noted above, CVC-form rafsi cannot appear as the final rafsi in a lujvo, because all lujvo must end with one or two vowels. As a brivla, a lujvo must also contain a consonant cluster within the first five letters — this ensures that they cannot be mistaken for compound cmavo. Of course, all lujvo have at least six letters since they have two or more rafsi, each at least three letters long; hence they cannot be confused with gismu.
When attaching two rafsi together, it may be necessary to insert a hyphen letter. In Lojban, the term “hyphen” always refers to a letter, either the vowel “y” or one of the consonants “r” and “n”. (The letter “l” can also be a hyphen, but is not used as one in lujvo.)
The “y”-hyphen is used after a CVC-form rafsi when joining it with the following rafsi could result in an impermissible consonant pair, or when the resulting lujvo could fall apart into two or more words (either cmavo or gismu).
Thus, the tanru “pante tavla” (“protest talk”) cannot produce the lujvo “patta'a”, because “tt” is not a permissible consonant pair; the lujvo must be “patyta'a”. Similarly, the tanru “mudri siclu” (“wooden whistle”) cannot form the lujvo “mudsiclu”; instead, “mudysiclu” must be used. (Remember that “y” is not counted in determining whether the first five letters of a brivla contain a consonant cluster: this is why.)
The “y”-hyphen is also used to attach a 4-letter rafsi, formed by dropping the final vowel of a gismu, to the following rafsi. (This procedure was shown, but not explained, in Examples 6.1 to 6.5.)
The lujvo forms “zunlyjamfu”, “zunlyjma”, “zuljamfu”, and “zuljma” are all legitimate and equivalent forms made from the tanru “zunle jamfu” (“left foot”). Of these, “zuljma” is the preferred one since it is the shortest; it thus is likely to be the form listed in a Lojban dictionary.
The “r”-hyphen and its close relative, the “n”-hyphen, are used in lujvo only after CVV-form rafsi. A hyphen is always required in a two-part lujvo of the form CVV-CVV, since otherwise there would be no consonant cluster.
An “r-”hyphen or “n”-hyphen is also required after the CVV-form rafsi of any lujvo of the form CVV-CVC/CV or CVV-CCVCV since it would otherwise fall apart into a CVV-form cmavo and a gismu. In any lujvo with more than two parts, a CVV-form rafsi in the initial position must always be followed by a hyphen. If the hyphen were to be omitted, the supposed lujvo could be broken into smaller words without the hyphen: because the CVV-form rafsi would be interpreted as a cmavo, and the remainder of the word as a valid lujvo that is one rafsi shorter.
An “n”-hyphen is only used in place of an “r”-hyphen when the following rafsi begins with “r”. For example, the tanru “rokci renro” (“rock throw”) cannot be expressed as “ro'ire'o” (which breaks up into two cmavo), nor can it be “ro'irre'o” (which has an impermissible double consonant); the “n”-hyphen is required, and the correct form of the hyphenated lujvo is “ro'inre'o”. The same lujvo could also be expressed without hyphenation as “rokre'o”.
There is also a different way of building lujvo, or rather phrases which are grammatically and semantically equivalent to lujvo. You can make a phrase containing any desired words, joining each pair of them with the special cmavo “zei”. Thus,
6.12) bridi zei valsi
is the exact equivalent of “brivla” (but not necessarily the same as the underlying tanru “bridi valsi”, which could have other meanings.) Using “zei” is the only way to get a cmavo lacking a rafsi, a cmene, or a fu'ivla into a lujvo:
6.13) xy. zei kantu
X ray
6.14) kulnr,farsi zei lolgai
Farsi floor-cover
Persian rug
6.15) na'e zei .a zei na'e zei by. livgyterbilma
non-A, non-B liver-disease
non-A, non-B hepatitis
6.16) .cerman. zei jamkarce
Sherman war-car
Sherman tank
Example 6.15 is particularly noteworthy because the phrase that would be produced by removing the “zei”s from it doesn’t end with a brivla, and in fact is not even grammatical. As written, the example is a tanru with two components, but by adding a “zei” between “by.” and “livgyterbilma” to produce
6.17) na'e zei .a zei na'e zei by. zei livgyterbilma
non-A-non-B-hepatitis
the whole phrase would become a single lujvo. The longer lujvo of Example 6.17 may be preferable, because its place structure can be built from that of “bilma”, whereas the place structure of a lujvo without a brivla must be constructed ad hoc.
Note that rafsi may not be used in “zei” phrases, because they are not words. CVV rafsi look like words (specifically cmavo) but there can be no confusion between the two uses of the same letters, because cmavo appear only as separate words or in compound cmavo (which are really just a notation for writing separate but closely related words as if they were one); rafsi appear only as parts of lujvo.
