Грамматика ложбана/4.1

1. Введение

Морфология - это часть грамматики, которая имеет дело с формой слов. Морфология Ложбана гораздо проще, чем у многих других языков, потому, что в Ложбане форма любого слова остаётся неизменной, вне зависимости от того, как используется это слово. Хотя в английском языке слова изменяются в меньшей степени, чем, например, в русском, но всё-же изменяются, например “boys” (“мальчики”) - форма множественного числа слова “boy” (“мальчик”), или “walked” (“гулял”) - форма прошедшего времени слова “walk” (“гулять”). Но в Ложбане, для обозначения множественного числа или прошедшего времени, в предложение добавляются отдельные слова, указывающие на количество мальчиков, или на время, когда имела место прогулка.

Тем не менее, в Ложбане всё-же возможно “словообразование”, то-есть, можно создавать новые слова из уже имеющихся. In addition, the form of words tells us something about their grammatical uses, and sometimes about the means by which they entered the language. Lojban has very orderly rules for the formation of words of various types, both the words that already exist and new words yet to be created by speakers and writers.

A stream of Lojban sounds can be uniquely broken up into its component words according to specific rules. These so-called “morphology rules” are summarized in this chapter. (However, a detailed algorithm for breaking sounds into words has not yet been fully debugged, and so is not presented in this book.) First, here are some conventions used to talk about groups of Lojban letters, including vowels and consonants.

1)

   V represents any single Lojban vowel except “y”; that is, it represents “a”, “e”, “i”, “o”, or “u”.

2)

   VV represents either a diphthong, one of the following:

         ai ei oi au

   or a two-syllable vowel pair with an apostrophe separating the vowels, one of the following:

         a'a    a'e    a'i    a'o    a'u
         e'a    e'e    e'i    e'o    e'u
         i'a    i'e    i'i    i'o    i'u
         o'a    o'e    o'i    o'o    o'u
         u'a    u'e    u'i    u'o    u'u

3)

   C represents a single Lojban consonant, not including the apostrophe, one of “b”, “c”, “d”, “f”, “g”, “j”, “k”, “l”, “m”, “n”, “p”, “r”, “s”, “t”, “v”, “x”, or “z”. Syllabic “l”, “m”, “n”, and “r” always count as consonants for the purposes of this chapter.

4)

   CC represents two adjacent consonants of type C which constitute one of the 48 permissible initial consonant pairs:

         bl br
         cf ck cl cm cn cp cr ct
         dj dr dz
         fl fr
         gl gr
         jb jd jg jm jv
         kl kr
         ml mr
         pl pr
         sf sk sl sm sn sp sr st
         tc tr ts
         vl vr
         xl xr
         zb zd zg zm zv

5)

   C/C represents two adjacent consonants which constitute one of the permissible consonant pairs (not necessarily a permissible initial consonant pair). The permissible consonant pairs are explained in Chapter 3. In brief, any consonant pair is permissible unless it: contains two identical letters, contains both a voiced (excluding “r”, “l”, “m”, “n”) and an unvoiced consonant, or is one of certain specified forbidden pairs.

6)

   C/CC represents a consonant triple. The first two consonants must constitute a permissible consonant pair; the last two consonants must constitute a permissible initial consonant pair.

Lojban has three basic word classes — parts of speech — in contrast to the eight that are traditional in English. These three classes are called cmavo, brivla, and cmene. Each of these classes has uniquely identifying properties — an arrangement of letters that allows the word to be uniquely and unambiguously recognized as a separate word in a string of Lojban, upon either reading or hearing, and as belonging to a specific word-class.

They are also functionally different: cmavo are the structure words, corresponding to English words like “and”, “if”, “the” and “to”; brivla are the content words, corresponding to English words like “come”, “red”, “doctor”, and “freely”; cmene are proper names, corresponding to English “James”, “Afghanistan”, and “Pope John Paul II”.